Thursday, 30 March 2017

Voices Blockchain, accounting and audit: What accountants need to know

Among the many disruptive technological trends that affect the way we do business, blockchain is one that is less well known within the accounting community. However, given its potential impact, blockchain is definitely a trend that accountants can afford to ignore more.

Defined as a large open book, distributed, blockchain technology files and checks transactions without central trust authority. The technology itself exists as a file that keeps a growing list of sorted records called blocks. Each block contains a timestamp and a link to a previous block using a "fingerprint". Blockchains are resistant to data modification and can not be modified retroactively.

Here are some possible uses for blockchain in accounting and auditing:

  •     Rastos audit traceability;
  •     Automated auditing processes;
  •     Transaction authentication;
  •     Asset tracking;
  •     Development of "intelligent contracts" and,
  •     System of registration and inventory of any asset, ranging from raw materials to intellectual property

While many of us associate with digital money blockchain as Bitcoin, its potential impact is much wider. Doctors to identity management to land rights and registers of world trade, blockchain acts like bookkeeping essential - a central point of truth. Instead of businesses maintaining and reconciling records of the same transaction in its separate databases or private management, both parts of the transaction are simultaneously saved in a shared workbook. Because of this capability, and its ability to record transactions in real-time, blockchain is in the process of updating traditional billing methods, documentation, contracts and payment processing for businesses and large and Small industries.

"In the future, virtually all functions of the world of financial services will be displaced, disintermediadas and decentralized," said Ron Quaranta, chairman of the Blockchain Wall Street Alliance at an executive roundtable of the American Institute of Experts -comptables / CPA.com in February. "The Internet has given us a powerful way to share and access information. Blockchain now gives us a powerful way to share and access value. "

Impact on Audit Practices
Like most forms of technology, accounting and auditing blockchain greatly reduces the risk of errors by reconciling complex and disparate information from multiple sources. Moreover, accounting documents are not alterable once committed under the block, even by the owners of the accounting system. Since each transaction is recorded and verified, the integrity of the financial records is ensured. Though impressive, this technology has the potential to dramatically reduce or even eliminate the need for audit resources - potentially disrupting the accounting profession as a whole.

"Our technology has finally reached our desire to conduct transactions without the need to resort to the other party without the need for an intermediary," Quaranta said.

With such an upheaval on the horizon, one would think that the accounting would take note. However, in a recent study conducted jointly by Thomson Reuters and the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, only 4 percent of respondents chose blockchain as a disruptor that will have a big impact on your business in 25 years. We believe that it can be even more damaging to the profession than machine learning, which will have a significant impact on the profession, and we believe that the impact will begin to be felt in the years to come.

Given the consequences, accounting firms rely heavily on their audit practices can think of growing diversification and services and customer. With Blockchain, it is even necessary to audits in the future? As with all new and potentially disruptive technologies, it is important to understand the opportunities and consequences and how your business will advance while adopting advanced technologies such as the block chain, continues to accelerate.
Interrupt kiss
Although we can not change the fact that technology alters our business, we can choose to adopt and develop new forms of added value to serve our customers. The most successful companies move away from traditional adherence activities and strategic consulting roles focused on helping clients better manage their business, improve their personal financial situation or evaluate change risks.

Therefore, although the accounting and audit control chain still do not feel, it is never too early to look at the technology landscape and adjust your business strategy accordingly. In a really the only technological way, informed and open to change is so quick to succeed.

Thursday, 24 November 2016

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Thursday, 10 November 2016

Cima F3 Exam Question No 14

Question No 14:

FF is a company that specialises in the manufacture, supply and installation of fixtures and fittings for offices. It uses F$ as its currency. FF is currently evaluating a project to build a new distribution and sales centre.

The company is currently wholly equity funded and has 30 million shares in issue. The share price is F$11 per share before announcing the proposed project and the ungeared cost of equity is 9%. FF pays corporate income tax at 25%.


The proposed project requires an initial capital investment of F$80 million. The present value of future cash flows following this initial investment is estimated to be of the order of F$110 million, based on a discount rate of 9%. The F$30 million forecast increase in entity value is expected to be fully reflected in the share price immediately the project is announced.


There has been some discussion amongst the directors of FF about how the F$80 million capital investment should be funded. Any new equity would be raised through a rights issue and any borrowings would be at a pre-tax cost of 7%. Both would be required indefinitely. Three alternative financing structures are being considered as follows:

  • A: F$80 million equity funding.
  • B: F$80 million borrowings.
  • C: F$48 million equity plus F$32 million borrowings. 
Required:
(a) Calculate the following, based on Modigliani and Miller’s (MM’s) capital theory with tax and assuming the project goes ahead:
(i) The total value of FF (before deducting debt) on a discounted cash flow basis for each of the financing structures A, B and C.

(ii) FF’s WACC for each of the financing structures A, B and C.

Note that MM formulae are provided on pages 23 and 24.
.
(b) Explain your results in (a) above with reference to MM’s capital theory with tax, illustrating your answer by drawing graphs of your results in (a) above. Use the graph paper provided.

(c) Advise, with reasons, which financing structure FF should adopt.


Answer:


 Level of gearing
Under MM (with tax), increasing gearing increases the value of the company due to the tax relief available on debt and nothing else. Given that the value of the debt is determinable then the increase in value associated with the tax shield on the debt will flow to the equity providers and hence increase shareholder wealth.

Also, by introducing debt finance, the overall (weighted average) cost of capital falls. This is because the increasing cost of equity resulting from the additional debt being taken on is more than off-set by the impact of the tax shield on that debt.


Requirement (c)
I would advise that FF proceed with funding structure B as it gives the greatest value of shareholder wealth value without creating significant danger of financial distress due to the low gearing level created.

The value of FF and hence also shareholder wealth (since the value of debt remains constant) is increased largely due to the tax benefit in perpetuity that arises from the use of debt financing.
MM’s theory based on a number of assumptions which do not necessarily hold in practice. These assumptions include:

• MM ignores the impact of financial distress at very high levels of gearing which will push up the cost of equity (and usually the cost of debt) to such an extent that the WACC will increase.
• MM is also based on unrealistic assumptions about perfect capital markets and perfect information.
However, these considerations are not important here as the level of debt being considered is quite small, being just approximately 20% of the value of the company.

Friday, 13 May 2016

Cima F3 Exam Question No 13

Question No 13:

When valuing an unlisted company, a P/E ratio for a similar listed company may be used but adjustments to the P/E ratio may be necessary.
Which THREE of the following factors would justify a reduction in the proxy p/e ratio before use?

A.
The relative lack of marketability of unlisted company shares.
B.
A lower level of scrutiny and regulation for unlisted companies.
C.
Unlisted companies being generally smaller and less established.
D.
Control premium not being included within the proxy p/e ratio used.
E.
The forecast earnings growth being relatively higher in the unlisted company.
F.
A profit item within the unlisted company's latest earnings which will not reoccur.
 

Answer: A, B, C
 

Thursday, 21 April 2016

Cima F3 Exam Question No 12

Question No 12:

A company's gearing (measured as debt/(debt + equity)) is currently 60% and it is investigating whether an optimal gearing structure exists within the industry.
It has analysed the capital structure of similar companies in the industry and it would appear that there is evidence supporting the traditional theory of capital structure.
Companies with the lowest WACC in the industry have gearing of around 45% to 50%.
Which of the following actions would result in the company achieving a more optimal capital structure?

A.
Undertaking a rights issue of equity to repay some of its debt.
B.
Refinancing to replace some of its short term debt with long term debt.
C.
Increasing the level of dividend to return more cash to shareholders.
D.
Using retained cash to undertake a buyback of some of its equity.

Answer: A 

Thursday, 7 April 2016

Cima F3 Exam Question No 11

Question No 11:

A listed company is planning to raise $21.6 million to finance a new project with a positive net present value of $5 million. The finance is to be raised via a rights issue at a 10% discount to the current share price. There are currently 100 million shares in issue, trading at $2.00 each.
Taking the new project into account, what would the theoretical ex-rights price be?
Give your answer to two decimal places.
$ ?

Answer: 2.02, 2.03

Thursday, 17 March 2016

Cima F3 Exam Question No 10

Question No 10:

A profit-seeking company intends to acquire another company for a variety of reasons, primarily to enhance shareholder wealth.
Which THREE of the following offer the greatest potential for enhancing shareholder wealth?

A.
Achieving more press coverage for the company.
B.
Creating new opportunities for employees.
C.
Achieving greater cultural diversity.
D.
Acquiring Intellectual Property assets.
E.
Exploiting production synergies.
F.
Elimination of existing competition.

Answer: D, E, F